TuringBot – AI Formula Discovery Software

Automatically discover mathematical equations.

TuringBot uses AI to find the actual mathematical relationships in your data—not just black-box predictions.

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TuringBot main interface showing equation discovery features

Turn your data into formulas that actually make sense


Predicting numerical values from input variables can be challenging. Simple models like linear or polynomial regression often fail to capture complex patterns, while complex machine learning methods can be difficult to interpret and trust.

TuringBot uses symbolic regression to discover clear mathematical formulas that describe your data. The result: models that are accurate, robust, and explainable.

Black Box ML
[[0.23, -0.41, ...], [0.87, 0.12, ...], ...]
Impossible to interpret
TuringBot
y = 2.3x + sin(z)
Clear, interpretable formula

Given input variables like x and z, it can automatically find a relationship such as y = f(x,z).

How does it work?

TuringBot implements a technique called Symbolic Regression. It tries to combine a set of base functions into simple formulas that accurately predict a target variable as a function of one or more input variables. The base functions offered by the program are the following:

  • Arithmetic: addition, multiplication, division
  • Trigonometric: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
  • Exponential: exp, log, log2, sqrt, pow
  • Hyperbolic: sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh
  • Logical: smaller, greater, equal, different, logical_or, logical_and
  • History: delay, moving_average
  • Other: abs, floor, ceil, round, sign, mod, gamma, erf

What is optimized is the formula itself, and not just the numerical constants of some assumed model.

The program uses TXT or CSV files as input, which may contain an arbitrary number of columns. It can be executed both interactively through its powerful graphical interface or in an automated way from the command line.

Here is an example of an input file that you can use: input.txt.

Why choose TuringBot?

  • Proven track record: TuringBot has been successfully employed in academic publications across a wide range of fields (see below).
  • High performance: Powered by a nontrivial algorithm and written in optimized C++, it delivers significantly higher performance than alternatives built on Python or JIT-compiled languages like Julia.
  • Easy setup: It is a simple executable that you can install in a few minutes. No Python dependencies, no Docker, no Conda, no virtual environments. This makes it easy to get started and focus on your work.
  • For developers and integrators: Need to integrate the program into your workflow? It includes a full command-line interface and a Python library for seamless integration into CI/CD pipelines, Airflow, or any automated workflow.
  • Active development: TuringBot's development began in 2019, and version 1.0 was launched to the public in February 2020. Since then, the program has been continually updated in response to user feedback, introducing new features, optimizations, bug fixes, and quality-of-life improvements.

What can TuringBot be used for?

If your problem involves predicting a number as a function of other numbers, then you can apply TuringBot to it. Just save the data in TXT or CSV format, load it in the program, and start the search.

To give a few concrete examples:

Note that the second example is a classification problem. This is not an issue: just find formulas that output 0 or 1 depending on the category.

TuringBot classification results graph showing model accuracy

A decision boundary found with symbolic regression. Tutorial

What makes TuringBot so general is that many different search metrics are included, allowing models with different goals to be generated. Those include:

  • RMS error
  • Classification accuracy
  • Correlation coefficient
  • Maximum error
  • Mean error
  • Mean relative error
  • Maximum relative error
  • F-score
  • Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency
  • Binary cross-entropy
  • Matthews correlation

Is TuringBot free?

TuringBot is free forever for datasets up to 50 rows and 3 input variables—no credit card or signup required. Just download and start discovering formulas. For larger datasets and unlimited variables, paid licenses are available on the Pricing page.

Academic publications

Used in 35+ academic publications across Physics, Astrophysics, Engineering, Biology, and Finance.

Some publications that use TuringBot are:

AI Descartes: Combining data and theory for derivable scientific discovery

Cornelio, C., Dash, S., Austel, V., Josephson, T., Goncalves, J., Clarkson, K., ... & Horesh, L. (2021). arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01634. [URL]

From Kepler to newton: explainable AI for science

Li, Z., Ji, J., & Zhang, Y. (2021). arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.12210. [URL]

Study of air exchange and temperature efficiency in a room – based on parameter variations at the supply air vent for use with heated supply air

Simensen, J. (2021). (Master's thesis, OsloMet-storbyuniversitetet). [URL], in Norwegian

Logic guided genetic algorithms

Ashok, D., Scott, J., Wetzel, S. J., Panju, M., & Ganesh, V. (2021, May). (student abstract). In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 35, No. 18, pp. 15753-15754). [URL]

An analytic BRDF for materials with spherical Lambertian scatterers

d'Eon, E. (2021, July). In Computer Graphics Forum (Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 153-161). [URL]

Estimation of c* Integral for mismatched welded compact tension specimen

Katinić, M., Turk, D., Konjatić, P., & Kozak, D. (2021). Materials, 14(24), 7491. [URL]

Yield Load Solutions for SE (B) Fracture Toughness Specimen with I-Shaped Heterogeneous Weld

Konjatić, P., Katinić, M., Kozak, D., & Gubeljak, N. (2021). Materials, 15(1), 214. [URL]

A review of the fractal market hypothesis for trading and market price prediction

Blackledge, J., & Lamphiere, M. (2021). Mathematics, 10(1), 117. [URL]

Effect of the refrigerant charge, expansion restriction, and compressor speed interactions on the energy performance of household refrigerators

Knabben, F. T., Ronzoni, A. F., & Hermes, C. J. (2021). International Journal of Refrigeration, 130, 347-355. [URL]

Practical level-of-detail aggregation of fur appearance

Zhu, J., Zhao, S., Wang, L., Xu, Y., & Yan, L. Q. (2022). ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 41(4), 1-17. [URL]

The SDSS-Gaia View of the Color–Magnitude Relation for Blue Horizontal-branch Stars

Barbosa, F. O., Santucci, R. M., Rossi, S., Limberg, G., Pérez-Villegas, A., & Perottoni, H. D. (2022). The Astrophysical Journal, 940(1), 30. [URL]

Semi-empirical equation for determination of stress concentration factors (SCF) in tubular joints of fixed offshore platforms subjected to axial forces

Costa, L. A., & de Sousa, J. R. M. (2022). In XLIII Ibero-Latin American Congress on Computational Methods in Engineering (Vol. 4, No. 04). [URL]

Buckling Resistance of Single and Double Angle Compression Members

Alenezi, A. M. M. (2022). (Doctoral dissertation, Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa). [URL]

Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch Using Linear Programming and Mathematical-Based Models

Al-Subhi, A. (2022). Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems, 9(3). [URL]

Identifying influential nodes with centrality indices combinations using symbolic regressions

Mukhtar, M. F., Abas, Z. A., Rasib, A. H. A., Anuar, S. H. H., Zaki, N. H. M., Rahman, A. F. N. A., ... & Shibghatullah, A. S. (2022). International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(5). [URL]

Development of a Simple Method for Predicting Rice Biomass at Harvest Based on Biomass Accumulation Data

Takeuchi Eisuke, Tanaka Yu, Yoshida Hiroe, Saito Kazuki, Katsura Keisuke, & Shiraiwa Tachihiko. (2022, September). In Proceedings of the 254th Japanese Society of Crop Science Conference (pp. 50-50). Japanese Society of Crop Science. [URL], in Japanese

Data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for modelling potential maize yield under maize–legume farming systems in East Africa

Agboka, K. M., Tonnang, H. E., Abdel-Rahman, E. M., Odindi, J., Mutanga, O., & Niassy, S. (2022). Agronomy, 12(12), 3085. [URL]

Novel machine-learning-based stall delay correction model for improving blade element momentum analysis in wind turbine performance prediction

Syed Ahmed Kabir, I. F., Gajendran, M. K., Ng, E. Y. K., Mehdizadeh, A., & Berrouk, A. S. (2022). Wind, 2(4), 636-658. [URL]

High-strain rate compressive behavior of fiber-reinforced rubberized concrete

Lai, D., Demartino, C., & Xiao, Y. (2022). Construction and Building Materials, 319, 125739. [URL]

Approximating the Boundaries of Unstable Nuclei Using Analytic Continued Fractions

Moscato, P., & Grebogi, R. (2023, July). In Proceedings of the Companion Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (pp. 751-754). [URL]

Symbolic Regression Applied to Cosmology: An Approximate Expression for the Density Perturbation Variance

Carvalho, A., Oliveira, D. M., Krone-Martins, A., & Da Silva, A. (2023, October). In 2023 IEEE 19th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science) (pp. 1-2). IEEE. [URL]

A Regression-Based Approach for Assessing the Buckling Coefficient of Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements

Lakshmi, J. R., & Kumar, J. V. V. (2023, September). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1237, No. 1, p. 012010). IOP Publishing. [URL]

Machine learning based predictive modeling of stochastic systems

Gajendran, M. K. (2023). University of Missouri-Kansas City. [URL]

Multi-Method Simulation and Multi-Objective Optimization for Energy-Flexibility-Potential Assessment of Food-Production Process Cooling

Howard, D. A., Jørgensen, B. N., & Ma, Z. (2023). Energies, 16(3), 1514. [URL]

Influence of Open Differential Design on the Mass Reduction Function

Karakašić, M., Konjatić, P., Glavaš, H., & Grgić, I. (2023). Applied Sciences, 13(24), 13300. [URL]

Machine learning-based approach to wind turbine wake prediction under yawed conditions

Gajendran, M. K., Kabir, I. F. S. A., Vadivelu, S., & Ng, E. Y. K. (2023). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(11), 2111. [URL]

Continued fractions and the Thomson problem

Moscato, P., Haque, M. N., & Moscato, A. (2023). Scientific Reports, 13(1), 7272. [URL]

Galactic Archaeology through the Blue Stars of the Horizontal Branch

Barbosa, F. O. (2023). (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo). [URL], in Portuguese

Forecasting Emergency Department Waiting Times Using Deep Neural Networks

Pak, A., & Trinh, K. (2023). Value in Health, 26(12), S10. [URL]

Machine Learning to Identify Atopic Dermatitis Prevalence Using Healthcare Utilisation Patterns of Both Diagnosed and Non-Diagnosed AD Patients Based on Danish Register Data

Liljendahl, M., Torpet, M., Lyngsie, P. J., Rudolfsen, J. H., Pedersen, M., & Ibler, K. S. (2023). Value in Health, 26(12), S10. [URL]

Finite Element Analysis and Machine Learning Guided Design of Carbon Fiber Organosheet-Based Battery Enclosures for Crashworthiness

Shaikh, S. A., Taufique, M. F. N., Balusu, K., Kulkarni, S. S., Hale, F., Oleson, J., ... & Soulami, A. (2024). Applied Composite Materials, 1-19. [URL]

New postoperative pain instrument for toddlers—Secondary analysis of prospectively collected assessments after tonsil surgery

Gude, P., Geldermann, N., Gustedt, F., Grobe, C., Weber, T. P., & Georgevici, A. I. (2024). Pediatric Anesthesia, 34(4), 347-353. [URL]

The electron density at the midpoint of the plasmapause

Denton, R. E., Tengdin, P. M., Hartley, D. P., Goldstein, J., Lee, J., & Takahashi, K. (2024). Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, 11, 1376073. [URL]

New alternatives to the Lennard-Jones potential

Moscato, P., & Haque, M. N. (2024). Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11169. [URL]

Approximating the nuclear binding energy using analytic continued fractions

Moscato, P., & Grebogi, R. (2024). Scientific Reports, 14(1), 11559. [URL]

Optimization and Comparative Evaluation of Novel Marine Engines Integrated with Fuel Cells Using Sustainable Fuel Choices

Seyam, S., Dincer, I., & Agelin-Chaab, M. (2024). Energy, 131629. [URL]

A New Approximation for the Perimeter of an Ellipse

Moscato, P., & Ciezak, A. (2024). Algorithms, 17(10), 464. [URL]


This list is constantly growing and is probably incomplete. If your paper is not shown, please email it to us and we will add it to the list.

Community

  • TuringBot Forum: a growing community where you can get help, ask questions, and connect with others who are equally interested in the software.

Documentation

Check out the detailed documentation for the software, where you can find:

The documentation provides straightforward, easy-to-follow examples that will help you get started quickly.

FAQ: How does TuringBot compare to Eureqa?

Both TuringBot and Eureqa are implementations of Symbolic Regression, but the algorithms used by each are completely different. Eureqa is based on genetic programming, while TuringBot is based on Simulated Annealing.

Eureqa was acquired by DataRobot, an enterprise machine learning platform, and is no longer commercially available.

A 2020 paper has shown that TuringBot performs noticeably better than Eureqa on a variety of Physics-inspired problems (arXiv:2010.11328). In this paper, TuringBot even managed to solve problems for which Eureqa could not find a solution at all.

Ready to get started?

Start discovering formulas from your data today.